Trend detection and depletion effects evidence in time series of groundwater levels in the southern sector of the left bank of the Tagus-Sado Basin (Portugal, Iberian Peninsula)

In the last 20 years in Portugal, water resources have been affected to the point that water storage has decreased by 20% since 2000. Creating strategies to manage water resources requires a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing water storage and their effects over time. This study is focused on the evolution of Groundwater Deep Levels (GDL) by applying a two-phase trend analysis methodology to examine the dynamic changes in GDL within a series of monitoring wells located in the Central and Southern sectors of the Left Bank of the Tagus-Sado Cenozoic age Basin, situated in Portugal In the initial phase of trend analysis, Factorial Analysis of Mixed Data (FAMD) was employed and posteriorly the Hierarchical Classification Analysis (HCA). These techniques enabled us to identify distinct GDL trend profiles and generate interpretative maps illustrating their spatial distribution. In the second phase, the non-parametric Mann–Kendall Analysis (MKA) and Innovative Trend Analysis (ITA) were applied, allowing for a quantified confirmation of the different trend profiles previously detected. These techniques allowed the identification of positive and negative hydrodynamic trends in distinct sections of the Basin. In the SE sector they are characterized by a significative increase of GDL associated with overexploitation and in the Central sector with a decrease of GDL. Nevertheless, significant depletion effects can result from natural factors such as prolonged droughts, and in certain regions, changes in geological and hydrothermal dynamics, such as Alpine-age faults, graben, and horst structures, may account for these alterations.