Synthesis, characterization and cytotoxic activity of gallium(III) complexes anchored by tridentate pyrazole-based ligands

Reactions of GaCl3 with pyrazole-containing ligands of the pyrazole-imine-phenol (HL1-HL3) or pyrazole-amine-phenol (HL4-HL6) types led to the synthesis of well-defined [GaL2](+) homoleptic complexes (1-6). Complexes 1-6 were characterized by elemental analysis, ESI-MS (electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry), IR and NMR spectroscopies, and in the case of Complex 1 also by X-ray diffraction analysis. In complexes 1-3, the pyrazole-imine-phenolate ligands act as monoanionic chelators that coordinate to the metal in a meridional fashion, while 4-6 contain monoanionic and facially coordinated pyrazole-amine-phenolate ligands. Complexes 1-3 have a greater stability in solution compared to 4-6, which have shown a more pronounced tendency to release the respective ancillary ligands. The cytotoxicity of 1-6 and of the respective ligands (HL1-HL6) was evaluated against human prostate cancer cells PC-3 and human breast cancer cells MCF-7. The substituents of the phenolate rings strongly influenced the cytotoxicity of the compounds. Complexes 3 and 6 that contain chloride substituents at the phenolate rings have shown the highest cytotoxicity, including in the cisplatin-resistant PC-3 cell line. The cytotoxic profile of 3 and 6 is very similar to the one displayed by the respective anchor ligands, respectively HL1 and HL6. The cytotoxic activity of 3 and 6 is slightly increased by the presence of transferrin, and both complexes provoke cell death mainly by induction of apoptotic pathways. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.