TY - JOUR
T1 - Prevalence and determinants of probable depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in seven countries
T2 - Longitudinal evidence from the European COvid Survey (ECOS)
AU - Hajek, André
AU - Sabat, Iryna
AU - Neumann-Böhme, Sebastian
AU - Schreyögg, Jonas
AU - Barros, Pedro Pita
AU - Stargardt, Tom
AU - König, Hans Helmut
N1 - Funding Information:
This project has received funding from theGerman Research Foundation (DFG) under project number 466310,982 and the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sk?odowska-Curie grant agreement No 721402, the work was supported by funding under the Excellence Strategy by the German federal and state governments, as well as by the University of Hamburg, Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management and Nova School of Business and Economics Lisbon?Chair BPI | ?Funda??o La Caixa? on Health Economics.
Funding Information:
This project has received funding from the German Research Foundation (DFG) under project number 466310,982 and the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 721402 , the work was supported by funding under the Excellence Strategy by the German federal and state governments, as well as by the University of Hamburg , Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management and Nova School of Business and Economics Lisbon–Chair BPI | “Fundação La Caixa” on Health Economics.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Elsevier B.V.
PY - 2022/2/15
Y1 - 2022/2/15
N2 - Background: Our aim was to present data on the prevalence of probable depression and anxiety and to determine their correlates during the COVID-19 pandemic in seven European countries using a longitudinal approach. Methods: Longitudinal data (wave 4 in November 2020: n = 7,115; wave 5 in January 2021: n = 7,068; wave 6 in April 2021: n = 7,204) were taken from the European COvid Survey (ECOS), a representative sample of non-institutionalized inhabitants from Germany, United Kingdom, Denmark, Netherlands, France, Portugal and Italy aged 18+. Probable depression and anxiety were quantified using the established and validated PHQ-4 (2-item depression scale, PHQ-2 / 2-item anxiety scale, GAD-2). Results: In wave 4 (wave 5; wave 6), 26.6% (25.5%; 23.8%) of all respondents had probable depression and 25.7% (23.6%; 22.1%) had probable anxiety. Prevalence rates for probable depression and probable anxiety differed significantly between countries. Among all countries and waves, particularly high prevalence rates were found among individuals aged 18 to 29 years. Longitudinal analysis showed that the likelihood of probable depression was positively associated with increasing age, great income difficulties and lower health-related quality of life. The likelihood of probable anxiety was positively associated with income difficulties, and lower health-related quality of life. Limitations: Screening tool was used to quantify the outcomes. Conclusion: The magnitude of probable depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in European countries was highlighted. Moreover, determining the factors associated with probable depression or anxiety (e.g., income difficulties, worse health-related quality of life) may assist in identifying individuals at increased risk.
AB - Background: Our aim was to present data on the prevalence of probable depression and anxiety and to determine their correlates during the COVID-19 pandemic in seven European countries using a longitudinal approach. Methods: Longitudinal data (wave 4 in November 2020: n = 7,115; wave 5 in January 2021: n = 7,068; wave 6 in April 2021: n = 7,204) were taken from the European COvid Survey (ECOS), a representative sample of non-institutionalized inhabitants from Germany, United Kingdom, Denmark, Netherlands, France, Portugal and Italy aged 18+. Probable depression and anxiety were quantified using the established and validated PHQ-4 (2-item depression scale, PHQ-2 / 2-item anxiety scale, GAD-2). Results: In wave 4 (wave 5; wave 6), 26.6% (25.5%; 23.8%) of all respondents had probable depression and 25.7% (23.6%; 22.1%) had probable anxiety. Prevalence rates for probable depression and probable anxiety differed significantly between countries. Among all countries and waves, particularly high prevalence rates were found among individuals aged 18 to 29 years. Longitudinal analysis showed that the likelihood of probable depression was positively associated with increasing age, great income difficulties and lower health-related quality of life. The likelihood of probable anxiety was positively associated with income difficulties, and lower health-related quality of life. Limitations: Screening tool was used to quantify the outcomes. Conclusion: The magnitude of probable depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in European countries was highlighted. Moreover, determining the factors associated with probable depression or anxiety (e.g., income difficulties, worse health-related quality of life) may assist in identifying individuals at increased risk.
KW - Anxiety
KW - Coronavirus
KW - COVID-19
KW - Depression
KW - Mental disorders
KW - Mental illness
KW - Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)
KW - Prevalence
KW - SARS-CoV-2
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85121659341&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.029
DO - 10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.029
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85121659341
SN - 0165-0327
VL - 299
SP - 517
EP - 524
JO - Journal of Affective Disorders
JF - Journal of Affective Disorders
ER -