Phaeodactylum tricornutum in finishing diets for gilthead seabream: effects on skin pigmentation, sensory properties and nutritional value

Microalgal biomasses are known to play a major role in fish pigmentation, which is particularly important in farmed fish, since colour and external appearance are the first cue for customers when choosing seafood. A study was undertaken to assess the potential of microalgae biomass from the diatom Phaeodactylumtricornutum as a functional ingredient for gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) feeds. Three experimental diets were designed: a control diet (CTRL), this same diet supplemented with 2.5% of P. tricornutum wild strain (diet MA20); and a third diet with 2.5% of P. tricornutum biomass (diet MA37) cultivated under different temperature and light regimes that resulted in higher levels of fucoxanthin. Microalgae diets led to a reduction (P < 0.05 in MA37) of whole-body fat and lower lipid retention (P < 0.05 in MA20 and MA37). Microalgae did not impact odour, flavour, whiteness, and fatness perception in cooked fillets. Overall, colour analysis showed that P. tricornutum biomass led to significant differences compared to control in specific areas: the MA37 diet induced a significantly (P < 0.05) lighter and more vivid yellow colouration of seabream operculum (ΔE* ≈ 5) perceptible to the human eye; ventral skin lightness was also affected by the dietary treatments (P = 0.040), being higher for microalgae-fed groups, though this difference was not perceptually strong (ΔE* ≈ 1.7). Phaeodactylum tricornutum biomass can be used as a functional ingredient, improving external pigmentation and thus contributing to meet consumer expectations in relation to farmed gilthead seabream.