TY - JOUR
T1 - Patient-Derived Multiple Myeloma 3D Models for Personalized Medicine—Are We There Yet?
AU - Lourenço, Diana
AU - Lopes, Raquel
AU - Pestana, Carolina
AU - Queirós, Ana C.
AU - João, Cristina
AU - Carneiro, Emilie Arnault
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), research grant number PTDC/MED-ONC/1215/2021/PT.
Funding Information:
The authors thank FCT and the Champalimaud Foundation for funding.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 by the authors.
PY - 2022/11
Y1 - 2022/11
N2 - Despite the wide variety of existing therapies, multiple myeloma (MM) remains a disease with dismal prognosis. Choosing the right treatment for each patient remains one of the major challenges. A new approach being explored is the use of ex vivo models for personalized medicine. Two-dimensional culture or animal models often fail to predict clinical outcomes. Three-dimensional ex vivo models using patients’ bone marrow (BM) cells may better reproduce the complexity and heterogeneity of the BM microenvironment. Here, we review the strengths and limitations of currently existing patient-derived ex vivo three-dimensional MM models. We analyze their biochemical and biophysical properties, molecular and cellular characteristics, as well as their potential for drug testing and identification of disease biomarkers. Furthermore, we discuss the remaining challenges and give some insight on how to achieve a more biomimetic and accurate MM BM model. Overall, there is still a need for standardized culture methods and refined readout techniques. Including both myeloma and other cells of the BM microenvironment in a simple and reproducible three-dimensional scaffold is the key to faithfully mapping and examining the relationship between these players in MM. This will allow a patient-personalized profile, providing a powerful tool for clinical and research applications.
AB - Despite the wide variety of existing therapies, multiple myeloma (MM) remains a disease with dismal prognosis. Choosing the right treatment for each patient remains one of the major challenges. A new approach being explored is the use of ex vivo models for personalized medicine. Two-dimensional culture or animal models often fail to predict clinical outcomes. Three-dimensional ex vivo models using patients’ bone marrow (BM) cells may better reproduce the complexity and heterogeneity of the BM microenvironment. Here, we review the strengths and limitations of currently existing patient-derived ex vivo three-dimensional MM models. We analyze their biochemical and biophysical properties, molecular and cellular characteristics, as well as their potential for drug testing and identification of disease biomarkers. Furthermore, we discuss the remaining challenges and give some insight on how to achieve a more biomimetic and accurate MM BM model. Overall, there is still a need for standardized culture methods and refined readout techniques. Including both myeloma and other cells of the BM microenvironment in a simple and reproducible three-dimensional scaffold is the key to faithfully mapping and examining the relationship between these players in MM. This will allow a patient-personalized profile, providing a powerful tool for clinical and research applications.
KW - 3D models
KW - bone marrow microenvironment
KW - ex vivo models
KW - hematologic cancer
KW - multiple myeloma
KW - personalized therapy
KW - primary cell culture
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85141586592&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/ijms232112888
DO - 10.3390/ijms232112888
M3 - Review article
C2 - 36361677
AN - SCOPUS:85141586592
SN - 1661-6596
VL - 23
JO - International Journal of Molecular Sciences
JF - International Journal of Molecular Sciences
IS - 21
M1 - 12888
ER -