TY - JOUR
T1 - Multi-generational exposure to fipronil, 2,4-D, and their mixtures in Chironomus sancticaroli
T2 - Biochemical, individual, and population endpoints
AU - Pinto, Thandy Junio da Silva
AU - Rocha, Giseli Swerts
AU - Moreira, Raquel Aparecida
AU - Silva, Laís Conceição Menezes da
AU - Yoshii, Maria Paula Cardoso
AU - Goulart, Bianca Veloso
AU - Montagner, Cassiana Carolina
AU - Daam, Michiel Adriaan
AU - Espindola, Evaldo Luiz Gaeta
N1 - Funding Information:
This study was supported by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo ( FAPESP , Brazil, grant n. 2015/18790-3 ). T.J.S.P., L.C.M.S., M.P.C.Y., and B.V.G. have a Ph.D. scholarship from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico ( CNPq ) and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior ( CAPES ). R.A.M. and G.S.R have a post-doctoral grant from FAPESP ( 2017/24126-4 and 2015/25436-1 ). Financial support was also provided to M.A.D. by the Portuguese government (Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia; FCT ) through the research unit UIDB/04085/2020 (CENSE).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Elsevier Ltd
Copyright:
Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2021/8/15
Y1 - 2021/8/15
N2 - Conventional farming delivers a range of pesticides to aquatic ecosystems leading to implications for the indigenous species. Due to the multiple applications and persistence of molecules, organisms may be exposed for a prolonged period over multiple generations. The present study outlines a full life-cycle design over three generations of Chironomus sancticaroli exposed to the insecticide fipronil, the herbicide 2,4-D, and their mixtures. The experiment started with newly hatched larvae from the parental generation and lasted with the emerged adults from the second generation. Five nominal concentrations of fipronil and 2,4-D were tested, as well as six combinations of both pesticides. As additional responses, the total carbohydrates and the lipid classes were evaluated in the parental generation. The first and second generations were more susceptible to the tested compounds compared with the parental ones. Survival of larvae and pupae was decreased by both pesticides and their mixtures along with the generations. Only fipronil impaired the survival of emerged adults. Both pesticides (isolated and in the mixture) altered the emergence and the fraction of males and females. Moreover, the number of eggs produced, and their hatchability decreased. Only one combination of the pesticides increased the content of carbohydrates. Fipronil, 2,4-D, and its mixture altered the profile of the lipid classes. All mixture treatments and the three highest concentrations of fipronil extinguished the population of C. sancticaroli at the end of the first generation. In the remaining treatments with the insecticide, the population did not survive the second generation. Only three concentrations of 2,4-D and the control persisted until the end of the experiment. The results indicate that a prolonged exposition to these pesticides may disrupt the natural populations of exposed organisms with consequences to ecosystems' functioning, considering the importance of chironomids to aquatic and terrestrial environments.
AB - Conventional farming delivers a range of pesticides to aquatic ecosystems leading to implications for the indigenous species. Due to the multiple applications and persistence of molecules, organisms may be exposed for a prolonged period over multiple generations. The present study outlines a full life-cycle design over three generations of Chironomus sancticaroli exposed to the insecticide fipronil, the herbicide 2,4-D, and their mixtures. The experiment started with newly hatched larvae from the parental generation and lasted with the emerged adults from the second generation. Five nominal concentrations of fipronil and 2,4-D were tested, as well as six combinations of both pesticides. As additional responses, the total carbohydrates and the lipid classes were evaluated in the parental generation. The first and second generations were more susceptible to the tested compounds compared with the parental ones. Survival of larvae and pupae was decreased by both pesticides and their mixtures along with the generations. Only fipronil impaired the survival of emerged adults. Both pesticides (isolated and in the mixture) altered the emergence and the fraction of males and females. Moreover, the number of eggs produced, and their hatchability decreased. Only one combination of the pesticides increased the content of carbohydrates. Fipronil, 2,4-D, and its mixture altered the profile of the lipid classes. All mixture treatments and the three highest concentrations of fipronil extinguished the population of C. sancticaroli at the end of the first generation. In the remaining treatments with the insecticide, the population did not survive the second generation. Only three concentrations of 2,4-D and the control persisted until the end of the experiment. The results indicate that a prolonged exposition to these pesticides may disrupt the natural populations of exposed organisms with consequences to ecosystems' functioning, considering the importance of chironomids to aquatic and terrestrial environments.
KW - Chironomidae
KW - Emergence
KW - Lipid profile
KW - Pesticides
KW - Reproduction
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85106356667&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117384
DO - 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117384
M3 - Article
C2 - 34030066
AN - SCOPUS:85106356667
SN - 0269-7491
VL - 283
JO - Environmental Pollution
JF - Environmental Pollution
M1 - 117384
ER -