TY - JOUR
T1 - Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured Polymeric Materials—PLA and PETG—For Biomechanical Applications
AU - Martins, Rui F.
AU - Branco, Ricardo
AU - Martins, Miguel
AU - Macek, Wojciech
AU - Marciniak, Zbigniew
AU - Silva, Rui
AU - Trindade, Daniela
AU - Moura, Carla
AU - Franco, Margarida
AU - Malça, Cândida
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors acknowledge Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT, I.P.) for its financial support through the UNIDEMI projects UIDB/00667/2020 and UIDP/00667/2020, and CEMMPRE projects UIDB/00285/2020 and LA/P/0112/2020, and CDRSP projects UIDB/04044/2020 and UIDP/04044/2020, and GDA\u0143SK TECH CORE EDU FACILITIES, grant no. 23/2021/EDU, Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Methods and Reverse Engineering.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 by the authors.
PY - 2024/6/29
Y1 - 2024/6/29
N2 - The study presented herein concerns the mechanical properties of two common polymers for potential biomedical applications, PLA and PETG, processed through fused filament fabrication (FFF)—Material Extrusion (ME). For the uniaxial tension tests carried out, two printing orientations—XY (Horizontal, H) and YZ (Vertical, V)—were considered according to the general principles for part positioning, coordinates, and orientation typically used in additive manufacturing (AM). In addition, six specimens were tested for each printing orientation and material, providing insights into mechanical properties such as Tensile Strength, Young’s Modulus, and Ultimate Strain, suggesting the materials’ potential for biomedical applications. The experimental results were then compared with correspondent mechanical properties obtained from the literature for other polymers like ASA, PC, PP, ULTEM 9085, Copolyester, and Nylon. Thereafter, fatigue resistance curves (S-N curves) for PLA and PETG, printed along 45°, were determined at room temperature for a load ratio, R, of 0.2. Scanning electron microscope observations revealed fibre arrangements, compression/adhesion between layers, and fracture zones, shedding light on the failure mechanisms involved in the fatigue crack propagation of such materials and giving design reference values for future applications. In addition, fractographic analyses of the fatigue fracture surfaces were carried out, as well as X-ray Computed Tomography (XCT) and Thermogravimetric (TGA)/Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) tests.
AB - The study presented herein concerns the mechanical properties of two common polymers for potential biomedical applications, PLA and PETG, processed through fused filament fabrication (FFF)—Material Extrusion (ME). For the uniaxial tension tests carried out, two printing orientations—XY (Horizontal, H) and YZ (Vertical, V)—were considered according to the general principles for part positioning, coordinates, and orientation typically used in additive manufacturing (AM). In addition, six specimens were tested for each printing orientation and material, providing insights into mechanical properties such as Tensile Strength, Young’s Modulus, and Ultimate Strain, suggesting the materials’ potential for biomedical applications. The experimental results were then compared with correspondent mechanical properties obtained from the literature for other polymers like ASA, PC, PP, ULTEM 9085, Copolyester, and Nylon. Thereafter, fatigue resistance curves (S-N curves) for PLA and PETG, printed along 45°, were determined at room temperature for a load ratio, R, of 0.2. Scanning electron microscope observations revealed fibre arrangements, compression/adhesion between layers, and fracture zones, shedding light on the failure mechanisms involved in the fatigue crack propagation of such materials and giving design reference values for future applications. In addition, fractographic analyses of the fatigue fracture surfaces were carried out, as well as X-ray Computed Tomography (XCT) and Thermogravimetric (TGA)/Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) tests.
KW - additive manufacturing
KW - biomechanical
KW - fatigue resistance
KW - material extrusion
KW - mechanical properties
KW - polymers
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85198409946&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/polym16131868
DO - 10.3390/polym16131868
M3 - Article
C2 - 39000723
AN - SCOPUS:85198409946
SN - 2073-4360
VL - 16
JO - Polymers
JF - Polymers
IS - 13
M1 - 1868
ER -