Abstract
Entre 1820 e 1864, a imprensa portuguesa foi abandonando o seu carácter artesanal e deu os primei-ros passos rumo à industrialização, apesar da turbulência social registada entre 1820 e 1851. A solidificação dos jornais políticos foi o eixo principal do desenvolvimento da imprensa nesse período, podendo ser dado o exem-plo do diário A Revolução de Setembro. A conquista da liberdade de imprensa, plasmada nos textos constitu-cionais, permitiu a solidificação desse segmento dos jornais impressos, sustentado por um modelo de negócio que ia buscar receitas às assinaturas, aos patrocínios privados e, mais residualmente, às vendas em banca. Ao tempo, os jornais politicamente orientados, que, na verdade, se foram tornando, cada vez mais, político-no-ticiosos, dominaram a imprensa e tinham forte impacto social. A paisagem jornalística, cuja segmentação se iniciou, em Portugal, no século XVIII, primou, no entanto, por uma crescente diversidade. As revistas, mui-tas delas ilustradas, como O Panorama, também tiveram forte presença no país, atingindo fatias consideráveis de um público mais diverso do que o dos jornais políticos. Apresentavam conteúdos ecléticos, que cruzavam a cultura com a promoção do conhecimento, mesclados, por vezes, com notícias da atualidade e propostas de entretenimento. Várias dessas revistas tiveram no enciplopedismo, primeiro, e no publicismo, depois, as suas li-nhas editoriais. Contudo, apesar de algumas tentativas de popularização da imprensa, por meio da publicação de periódicos de baixo preço, jornais e revistas circularam, principalmente, entre as elites masculinas alfabe-tizadas que tinham interesse na política e se envolviam nos assuntos públicos. Apesar da transição em curso para uma sociedade crescentemente urbana e pré-industrial, caracterizada por progressos na escolaridade, na industrialização, no investimento público na construção de infraestruturas e, enfim, na modernização do país, revistas e jornais eram bens caros, inacessíveis à generalidade dos portugueses e de difícil leitura e assimilação pelos menos letrados. A sua difusão colidia com a pobreza e com o analfabetismo da esmagadora maioria da po-pulação, arredada dos mecanismos de decisão política e dos circuitos culturais. Ainda assim, acompanhando a evolução da sociedade, o carácter artesanal de alguns dos empreendimentos jornalísticos foi cedendo à marcha dos tempos, perante a crescente aceitação de projetos jornalísticos mais sólidos, pré-industriais, alicerçados em empresas que, nalguns casos, adquiriram uma certa dimensão. No fim do período, o nascimento do Diário de Notícias representa, simbolicamente, a transição para um modelo de jornalismo industrializado, orientado para o mercado (jornalismo como negócio), que recuperou a notícia de interesse geral, facilmente assimilável mesmo por pessoas com défices de literacia, como matéria-prima dos jornais. A notícia tornou-se, no entanto, uma mercadoria. O novo modelo industrial e mercadológico de negócio jornalístico gerava receitas — e lucro — por meio da captação de anúncios publicitários. Indo buscar a fatia maior das suas receitas à publicidade, jornais e revistas puderam ser vendidos a baixo preço, fatores igualmente determinantes para o aumento da sua difusão e circulação e, de certa forma, para a sua independência.
Between 1820 and 1864, the Portuguese press gradually abandoned its artisanal character and took the first steps towards industrialization, despite the social turbulence registered between 1820 and 1851. The solidification of political newspapers, such as the daily A Revolução de Setembro, was the main axis of the deve-lopment of the press. The conquest of the freedom of the press, protected in the constitutional texts, allowed the solidification of this segment of newspapers, supported by a business model that drew revenues from subs-criptions, private sponsorships and, residually, from newsstand and street sales. Political newspapers, which, in fact, increasingly paid attention to news, dominated the press and had a strong social impact. Journalistic lands-cape, whose segmentation began, in Portugal, in the 18th century, was, however, characterized by a growing diversity. Magazines, many of them illustrated, such as O Panorama, also had a strong presence in the country, reaching considerable slices of a more diverse audience than the political newspapers. They presented eclectic contents, which crossed culture with the promotion of knowledge, sometimes mixed with current affairs, actual news and entertainment proposals. Several of these magazines had enciplopedism, first, and publicism, later, as their editorial lines. However, despite some attempts to popularize the press by publishing low-priced perio-dicals (“penny press”), newspapers and magazines circulated mainly among the literate male elites who were interested and involved in public affairs. Regardless of the transition to an increasingly urban and pre-industrial society, characterized by small progresses in literacy, industrialization, building of public infrastructures and, in general, by the modernization of the country, magazines and newspapers were expensive goods, inaccessible to the generality of the Portuguese, and they were, also, difficult to be read and assimilated by common people. Their diffusion clashed with the poverty and illiteracy of the overwhelming majority of the population, exclu-ded from political decision-making mechanisms and cultural circuits. Even so, as society evolved, the artisanal nature of many journalistic projects gave way to the growing acceptance of more solid, pre-industrial projects, based on companies that, in some cases, grew to a certain size. At the end of the period, the birth of Diário de Notícias symbolically represents the transition to a model of industrialized and market-oriented journalism
123(journalism as business), which, as in the 17th century, recovered the news of general interest, easily assimilated even by people with literacy deficits, as the raw material of newspapers. News, however, became a commodity. The new industrial and market-oriented model of journalistic business generated revenue — and profit — by capturing advertising. Drawing the lion’s share of their revenue from advertising, newspapers and magazines could be sold at low prices, increasing their diffusion and circulation
Between 1820 and 1864, the Portuguese press gradually abandoned its artisanal character and took the first steps towards industrialization, despite the social turbulence registered between 1820 and 1851. The solidification of political newspapers, such as the daily A Revolução de Setembro, was the main axis of the deve-lopment of the press. The conquest of the freedom of the press, protected in the constitutional texts, allowed the solidification of this segment of newspapers, supported by a business model that drew revenues from subs-criptions, private sponsorships and, residually, from newsstand and street sales. Political newspapers, which, in fact, increasingly paid attention to news, dominated the press and had a strong social impact. Journalistic lands-cape, whose segmentation began, in Portugal, in the 18th century, was, however, characterized by a growing diversity. Magazines, many of them illustrated, such as O Panorama, also had a strong presence in the country, reaching considerable slices of a more diverse audience than the political newspapers. They presented eclectic contents, which crossed culture with the promotion of knowledge, sometimes mixed with current affairs, actual news and entertainment proposals. Several of these magazines had enciplopedism, first, and publicism, later, as their editorial lines. However, despite some attempts to popularize the press by publishing low-priced perio-dicals (“penny press”), newspapers and magazines circulated mainly among the literate male elites who were interested and involved in public affairs. Regardless of the transition to an increasingly urban and pre-industrial society, characterized by small progresses in literacy, industrialization, building of public infrastructures and, in general, by the modernization of the country, magazines and newspapers were expensive goods, inaccessible to the generality of the Portuguese, and they were, also, difficult to be read and assimilated by common people. Their diffusion clashed with the poverty and illiteracy of the overwhelming majority of the population, exclu-ded from political decision-making mechanisms and cultural circuits. Even so, as society evolved, the artisanal nature of many journalistic projects gave way to the growing acceptance of more solid, pre-industrial projects, based on companies that, in some cases, grew to a certain size. At the end of the period, the birth of Diário de Notícias symbolically represents the transition to a model of industrialized and market-oriented journalism
123(journalism as business), which, as in the 17th century, recovered the news of general interest, easily assimilated even by people with literacy deficits, as the raw material of newspapers. News, however, became a commodity. The new industrial and market-oriented model of journalistic business generated revenue — and profit — by capturing advertising. Drawing the lion’s share of their revenue from advertising, newspapers and magazines could be sold at low prices, increasing their diffusion and circulation
Translated title of the contribution | The Portuguese press (1820-1864): from turbulence to stability |
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Original language | Portuguese |
Title of host publication | Imprensa em Portugal |
Subtitle of host publication | uma história |
Editors | Ana Cabrera, Helena Lima |
Publisher | ICNOVA – Instituto de Comunicação da Nova |
Pages | 121-166 |
Number of pages | 46 |
ISBN (Print) | 978-989-9048-22-5, 978-989-9048-22-5 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 2022 |
Publication series
Name | Livros ICNOVA |
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Keywords
- História da Imprensa
- História dos jornais
- História das revistas
- Portugal (1820-1864)
- History of the Press
- History of newspapers
- History of magazines