TY - JOUR
T1 - Impact of Simulated Pesticide Spray Drift and Runoff Events on the Structural and Functional Zooplankton Diversity in Tropical Freshwater Microcosms
AU - Moreira, Raquel Aparecida
AU - dos Santos Silva, Erika
AU - Sanches, Ana Letícia Madeira
AU - Freitas, Emanuela Cristina
AU - Vieira, Bruna Horvath
AU - Reghini, Marina Vanderlei
AU - de Mello Batista, Hugo
AU - da Silva Pinto, Thandy Junio
AU - dos Santos Wisniewski, Maria José
AU - Espindola, Evaldo Luiz Gaeta
AU - Rocha, Odete
AU - Daam, Michiel Adriaan
N1 - info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/UIDB%2F04085%2F2020/PT#
Funding Information:
R.A.M has a post-doctoral fellowship from FAPESP (grant no. 2017/24126–4).
Funding Information:
This work was supported by the Brazilian government through the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq, Brazil) and the Special Visiting Researcher program (MEC/MCTI/CAPES/CNPq/FAPs reference 402392/2013-2). The authors are also indebted to Luiz Valdemar Tornisielo and Rodrigo Pimpinato (Ecotoxicology Laboratory of the Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, CENA/ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, SP) for conducting the chemical pesticide analysis of pesticides.
Funding Information:
This work was supported by the Brazilian government through the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq, Brazil) and the Special Visiting Researcher program (MEC/MCTI/CAPES/CNPq/FAPs reference 402392/2013-2). The authors are also indebted to Luiz Valdemar Tornisielo and Rodrigo Pimpinato (Ecotoxicology Laboratory of the Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, CENA/ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, SP) for conducting the chemical pesticide analysis of pesticides.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
PY - 2021/8
Y1 - 2021/8
N2 - In conventional agriculture, several pesticides can be applied at the same stage of plant development, either individually or in mixtures and these compounds also reach aquatic ecosystems. The aim of the present study was to investigate the short-term effects of the insecticide Kraft® 36 EC (active ingredient — a.i. abamectin) and the fungicide Score® 250 EC (a.i. difenoconazole) on the zooplankton community in outdoor freshwater microcosms. The potential risks related to the exposure to both compounds, isolated and in mixture, likely to occur in the field after runoff and spray drift events of their recommended doses were assessed in these microcosms through integrative analyses of the effects on the composition, density, and functional diversity of zooplankton. Namely, these endpoints were evaluated for eight different exposures, which were (1) Runoff control — RC; (2) Kraft-contaminated runoff — RK; (3) Score-contaminated runoff — RS; (4) Kraft and Score-contaminated runoff — RKS; (5) Spray drift Control — SC; (6) Kraft spray drift — SK; (7) Score spray drift — SS; and (8) Kraft and Score spray drift — SKS. Zooplankton taxa responded quickly to physical, chemical, and biological changes in the aquatic ecosystems. The principal response curves (PRC) analyses of the zooplankton community in the microcosms indicated significant effects after all insecticide treatments, both when applied individually and in a mixture with the fungicide. The insecticide treatment (RK and SK) demonstrated a decrease in the number of unique species (sing.sp) of zooplankton in the microcosms, and RK also decreased the functional divergence (FDiv). However, it was the treatment of mixtures (SKS) that caused a decrease in functional diversity (FD) and in the functional diversity indexes (divergence and richness) and sing.sp. Thus, the results showed the risk of the insecticide and their mixture to aquatic ecosystems.
AB - In conventional agriculture, several pesticides can be applied at the same stage of plant development, either individually or in mixtures and these compounds also reach aquatic ecosystems. The aim of the present study was to investigate the short-term effects of the insecticide Kraft® 36 EC (active ingredient — a.i. abamectin) and the fungicide Score® 250 EC (a.i. difenoconazole) on the zooplankton community in outdoor freshwater microcosms. The potential risks related to the exposure to both compounds, isolated and in mixture, likely to occur in the field after runoff and spray drift events of their recommended doses were assessed in these microcosms through integrative analyses of the effects on the composition, density, and functional diversity of zooplankton. Namely, these endpoints were evaluated for eight different exposures, which were (1) Runoff control — RC; (2) Kraft-contaminated runoff — RK; (3) Score-contaminated runoff — RS; (4) Kraft and Score-contaminated runoff — RKS; (5) Spray drift Control — SC; (6) Kraft spray drift — SK; (7) Score spray drift — SS; and (8) Kraft and Score spray drift — SKS. Zooplankton taxa responded quickly to physical, chemical, and biological changes in the aquatic ecosystems. The principal response curves (PRC) analyses of the zooplankton community in the microcosms indicated significant effects after all insecticide treatments, both when applied individually and in a mixture with the fungicide. The insecticide treatment (RK and SK) demonstrated a decrease in the number of unique species (sing.sp) of zooplankton in the microcosms, and RK also decreased the functional divergence (FDiv). However, it was the treatment of mixtures (SKS) that caused a decrease in functional diversity (FD) and in the functional diversity indexes (divergence and richness) and sing.sp. Thus, the results showed the risk of the insecticide and their mixture to aquatic ecosystems.
KW - Aquatic invertebrates
KW - Freshwater toxicology
KW - Functional diversity
KW - Outdoor freshwater microcosms
KW - Pesticide mixtures
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85110964035&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/s11270-021-05265-2
DO - 10.1007/s11270-021-05265-2
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85110964035
SN - 0049-6979
VL - 232
JO - Water, Air, and Soil Pollution
JF - Water, Air, and Soil Pollution
IS - 8
M1 - 315
ER -