TY - JOUR
T1 - Greening perfluorocarbon based nanoemulsions by direct membrane emulsification
T2 - Comparative studies with ultrasound emulsification
AU - Syed, Usman Taqui
AU - Dias, Ana M.A.
AU - de Sousa, Hermínio C.
AU - Crespo, Joao
AU - Brazinha, Carla
N1 - Funding Information:
info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/CEEC IND 2017/CEECIND%2F01248%2F2017%2FCP1460%2FCT0018/PT#
info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/UIDB%2F00102%2F2020/PT#
info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/UIDB%2F50006%2F2020/PT#
The authors would like to acknowledge the Executive Agency for Education, Audiovisual & Culture (EACEA) of the European Commission for the scholarship grant of Erasmus Mundus Doctorate in Membrane Engineering (EUDIME) program to Syed Usman Taqui. Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) is gratefully acknowledged for FCT-MEC contract under the programs Investigador FCT IF/00455/2013.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 Elsevier Ltd
PY - 2022/7/10
Y1 - 2022/7/10
N2 - A systematic experimental methodology was employed to produce oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsions by direct membrane emulsification while exploring first-ever studies on using polymeric membranes. Perfluorodecalin (PFD) constituted the dispersed phase and the continuous phase was an aqueous solution of two surfactants, Tween 80 and (1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl)phosphocholine (FC8). This work aimed to formulate monomodal PFD-based nanoemulsions having a narrow-sized distribution with mean droplet sizes of around 150 nm or below, suitable for biomedical applications. Relevant processing conditions of membrane emulsification were optimised, and a monomodal emulsion of 103.4 ± 2.6 nm was achieved using an isoporous Nuclepore track-etched 30 nm nominal pore diameter membrane. In comparison to the reported ultrasound emulsification studies with the same colloidal system, direct membrane emulsification offered several advantages, such as electrokinetically stable nanoemulsions with a 40% reduction in the emulsion droplet sizes. Additionally, 36 times lower molar concentration of optimised surfactants’ composition were sufficient. Besides, interfacial tensions between the oil and aqueous phases were determined to explain the observed emulsion droplet sizes. Lastly, a critical analysis to determine energy expenditure and energy requirement to create nanoemulsion surface area, favourably indicates that the membrane-based process ensures a 99.5% reduction of energy expenditure to produce the same surface area.
AB - A systematic experimental methodology was employed to produce oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsions by direct membrane emulsification while exploring first-ever studies on using polymeric membranes. Perfluorodecalin (PFD) constituted the dispersed phase and the continuous phase was an aqueous solution of two surfactants, Tween 80 and (1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl)phosphocholine (FC8). This work aimed to formulate monomodal PFD-based nanoemulsions having a narrow-sized distribution with mean droplet sizes of around 150 nm or below, suitable for biomedical applications. Relevant processing conditions of membrane emulsification were optimised, and a monomodal emulsion of 103.4 ± 2.6 nm was achieved using an isoporous Nuclepore track-etched 30 nm nominal pore diameter membrane. In comparison to the reported ultrasound emulsification studies with the same colloidal system, direct membrane emulsification offered several advantages, such as electrokinetically stable nanoemulsions with a 40% reduction in the emulsion droplet sizes. Additionally, 36 times lower molar concentration of optimised surfactants’ composition were sufficient. Besides, interfacial tensions between the oil and aqueous phases were determined to explain the observed emulsion droplet sizes. Lastly, a critical analysis to determine energy expenditure and energy requirement to create nanoemulsion surface area, favourably indicates that the membrane-based process ensures a 99.5% reduction of energy expenditure to produce the same surface area.
KW - Direct membrane emulsification
KW - Emulsion properties
KW - Energy expenditure
KW - Nanoemulsions
KW - Perfluorodecalin
KW - Ultrasound emulsification
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85129117775&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131966
DO - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131966
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85129117775
SN - 0959-6526
VL - 357
JO - Journal of Cleaner Production
JF - Journal of Cleaner Production
M1 - 131966
ER -