TY - JOUR
T1 - Effects of abamectin-based and difenoconazole-based formulations and their mixtures in Daphnia magna: a multiple endpoint approach
AU - Moreira, Raquel Aparecida
AU - de Araujo, Giuliana Seraphim
AU - Silva, Ana Rita Rego Gouveia
AU - Daam, Michiel Adriaan
AU - Rocha, Odete
AU - Soares, Amadeu M. V. M.
AU - Loureiro, Susana
N1 - info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/5876/147273/PT#
PDSE 88881.135987/2016-01
CNPq 201788/2014-4
MEC/MCTI/CAPES/CNPq/FAPs reference 402392/2013-2
UID/AMB/04085/ 2013
POCI-01-0145-FEDER-00763
SFRH/BPD/109199/2015
grant no. 2017/24126-4
Sem PDF conforme depacho
PY - 2020/11
Y1 - 2020/11
N2 - This study evaluated the toxicity of pesticide formulations Kraft® 36 EC (active ingredient—a.i. abamectin) and Score® 250 EC (a.i. difenoconazole), and their mixtures in Daphnia magna at different biological levels of organization. Survival, reproduction and biochemical markers (cholinesterase (ChE), catalase (CAT) and lipid peroxidation (LPO)) were some of the endpoints evaluated. Total proteins and lipids were also studied together with energy consumption (Ec). D. magna neonates were exposed for 96 h to Kraft (2, 4, and 6 ng a.i./L) and Score (12.5, 25, and 50 µg a.i./L) for the biochemical experiments, and for 15 days to abamectin (1–5 ng a.i./L) and to difenoconazole (3.12–50 µg a.i./L) to assess possible changes in reproduction. Exposures of organisms to both single compounds did not cause effects to antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes, except for LPO occurring at the highest concentration of difenoconazole tested. For ChE and CAT there was enzymatic induction in mixture treatments organisms, occurring at minor pesticides concentrations for CAT and at the two highest concentrations for ChE. There were no significant differences for total protein in D. magna but lipids showed an increase at the highest concentrations of pesticide mixture combinations. There was a significant increase of Ec in individuals of all treatments tested. In the chronic test, increased fecundity occurred for D. magna under difenoconazole exposures and mixtures. This study demonstrated that mixtures of these pesticides caused greater toxicity to D. magna than when tested individually, except for Ec. Therefore, effects of mixtures are very hard to predict only based on information from single compounds, which most possibly is the result of biological complexity and redundancy in response pathways, which need further experimentation to become better known.
AB - This study evaluated the toxicity of pesticide formulations Kraft® 36 EC (active ingredient—a.i. abamectin) and Score® 250 EC (a.i. difenoconazole), and their mixtures in Daphnia magna at different biological levels of organization. Survival, reproduction and biochemical markers (cholinesterase (ChE), catalase (CAT) and lipid peroxidation (LPO)) were some of the endpoints evaluated. Total proteins and lipids were also studied together with energy consumption (Ec). D. magna neonates were exposed for 96 h to Kraft (2, 4, and 6 ng a.i./L) and Score (12.5, 25, and 50 µg a.i./L) for the biochemical experiments, and for 15 days to abamectin (1–5 ng a.i./L) and to difenoconazole (3.12–50 µg a.i./L) to assess possible changes in reproduction. Exposures of organisms to both single compounds did not cause effects to antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes, except for LPO occurring at the highest concentration of difenoconazole tested. For ChE and CAT there was enzymatic induction in mixture treatments organisms, occurring at minor pesticides concentrations for CAT and at the two highest concentrations for ChE. There were no significant differences for total protein in D. magna but lipids showed an increase at the highest concentrations of pesticide mixture combinations. There was a significant increase of Ec in individuals of all treatments tested. In the chronic test, increased fecundity occurred for D. magna under difenoconazole exposures and mixtures. This study demonstrated that mixtures of these pesticides caused greater toxicity to D. magna than when tested individually, except for Ec. Therefore, effects of mixtures are very hard to predict only based on information from single compounds, which most possibly is the result of biological complexity and redundancy in response pathways, which need further experimentation to become better known.
KW - Cholinesterase
KW - Energy reserves
KW - Kraft® 36 EC
KW - Oxidative stress
KW - Reproduction
KW - Score® 250 EC
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85084485190&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/s10646-020-02218-z
DO - 10.1007/s10646-020-02218-z
M3 - Article
C2 - 32388636
AN - SCOPUS:85084485190
SN - 0963-9292
VL - 29
SP - 1486
EP - 1499
JO - Ecotoxicology
JF - Ecotoxicology
IS - 9
ER -