Abstract
Um ano antes de a Hungria medieval ficar desmoronada e tripartida em 1526 como resultado da batalha de Mohács (um “Alcáçer Quibir húngaro”) entre os Otomanos, os Habsburgos danubianos e a Transilvânia, reduto da independência nacional, as cortes decretam ainda “todo luterano deve ser extirpado no país, seja clérigo ou secular, que fique preso e queimado.” A inércia da Igreja Católica, que perde aliás seis dos seus bispos naquela simbólica batalha, traduz-se na incapacidade de fazer frente ao avance luterano, no plano espiritual. Na Transilvânia multicultural – húngara, romena e alemã – são os saxões que elegem primeiro o seu bispo luterano em 1553, seguidos pelos húngaros, enquanto a ortodoxia da minoria romena fica intacta dos efeitos dos movimentos da Reforma. Em 1568 nas cortes de Torda decretam-se: “Que por toda a parte se pregasse o evangelho, de acordo com o entendimento que dele se tiver, a comunidade não fique forçado a aceitar nenhum pregador pela forca, senão oiça a aquele que mais lhe agradar. Por tanto, nenhum superintendente ou outra pessoa qualquer pode fazer mal ao pregador, e nenhum fiel pode ficar caluniado pela sua fé, pois esta é dom divino.” Em uma geração presenciamos uma surpreendente mudança de atitude e de paradigma. Tal estranha tolerância numa matéria tão crispante por toda a Europa é fruto político: não há religião monolítica de favoritismo estatal tipo cuius régio eius religio, mas o poder do Estado, que deve garantir uma unidade frente a Sublime Porta e a Viena de Áustria, se sobrepõe, embora limitado, ao poder eclesiástico, pois não pode discriminar entre nenhuma das denominações. Também não prevalece um critério territorial local: em cada cidade ou vila podem coexistir varias congregações sem que os dados senhores feudais possam interferir em seus assuntos internos, e segundo o édito, é de decisão pessoal a lei que cada um abraçar. Proíbe-se criticarem e maltratarem os sacerdotes dos outros credos, por tanto este precoce pluralismo religioso – com as quatro “religiones praeceptae” oferece um equilíbrio por convivência e conveniência entre os católicos, luteranos, calvinistas e até os unitários, uma igreja local. A comunicação que se apresenta ocupar se-á duma dissidência minoritária deste último credo: os chamados sabbatianos, cuja sorte seguiremos no século 16 e 20 respetivamente, cujo exemplo servir-nos-á para demonstrar os limites desta liberdade paradisíaca na “quase Suíça cantonal oriental”, a Transilvânia, entre o pragmatismo régio e a consciência religiosa individual.
A year before medieval Hungary collapsed in 1526 as a result of the famous Battle of Mohács (“a hungarian Alcácer Quibir”) and tripartite between the Ottomans, the Danubian Habsburgs and Transylvania, the stronghold of national independence, the 12 courts further decreed: “every Lutheran must be extirpated in the country, whether clergy or secular, to be trapped and burned”. The inertia of the Catholic Church- by the way six of its bishops diet in that sybolic battle-, translates into the inability to cope with the Lutheran advance on the spiritual plane. In multicultural Transylvania – Hungarian, Romanian and German – the Saxons elect their first Lutheran bishop in 1553, followed by the Hungarians, while the orthodoxy of the Romanian minority is intact of the effects of the movements of the Reformation. In 1568 in the Courts of the Transyvanian Principality,in Torda are decreed: “that the Gospel be preached everywhere, according to their undestanding, the community should not be forced to accept any preacher, but listen one, who to please. Therefore no superintendent or any other person can do evil to the preacher, and nor the beliver can be slandered for his faith, because this is a divine gift.” In only one generation we note a diametrically opposite attitude and changing paradigm. Such strange tolerance in a matter so pervasive throughout Europe is a political fruit: there is no monolithic religion of state favoritism based in the concept of cuius regio eius religio, but a practice of the “raison d’etat”: the State must guarantee unity facing Sublime Porta and Vienna of Austria. For instance ecclesiastical power is limited and the secular one can not discriminate between any of the denominations. Nor does a local territorial criterion prevail: in each city or village there may coexist severeal congregations without the feudal seigneur being able to interfere in their internal affairs, and according to the edict, it is a personal decision to embrace one of the religous “offer”. It is forbidden to critize and mistraet priests of other faiths, so this precocious religious pluralism, with the four “religione praeceptae” offers a ballanced coexistence and convenience among Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, and even the Unitarians, a local church. The communication also will deal with a minority dissidence of this last creed: the so called Sabbatians, whose trajectory will be followed in the 16th and 20th centuries, whose example will serve to demonstrate the limits of this paradisiacal freedom in this “Easter Switzerland” – the “cantonal” Transylvania – between the regal pragmatism and the religious consciousness.
A year before medieval Hungary collapsed in 1526 as a result of the famous Battle of Mohács (“a hungarian Alcácer Quibir”) and tripartite between the Ottomans, the Danubian Habsburgs and Transylvania, the stronghold of national independence, the 12 courts further decreed: “every Lutheran must be extirpated in the country, whether clergy or secular, to be trapped and burned”. The inertia of the Catholic Church- by the way six of its bishops diet in that sybolic battle-, translates into the inability to cope with the Lutheran advance on the spiritual plane. In multicultural Transylvania – Hungarian, Romanian and German – the Saxons elect their first Lutheran bishop in 1553, followed by the Hungarians, while the orthodoxy of the Romanian minority is intact of the effects of the movements of the Reformation. In 1568 in the Courts of the Transyvanian Principality,in Torda are decreed: “that the Gospel be preached everywhere, according to their undestanding, the community should not be forced to accept any preacher, but listen one, who to please. Therefore no superintendent or any other person can do evil to the preacher, and nor the beliver can be slandered for his faith, because this is a divine gift.” In only one generation we note a diametrically opposite attitude and changing paradigm. Such strange tolerance in a matter so pervasive throughout Europe is a political fruit: there is no monolithic religion of state favoritism based in the concept of cuius regio eius religio, but a practice of the “raison d’etat”: the State must guarantee unity facing Sublime Porta and Vienna of Austria. For instance ecclesiastical power is limited and the secular one can not discriminate between any of the denominations. Nor does a local territorial criterion prevail: in each city or village there may coexist severeal congregations without the feudal seigneur being able to interfere in their internal affairs, and according to the edict, it is a personal decision to embrace one of the religous “offer”. It is forbidden to critize and mistraet priests of other faiths, so this precocious religious pluralism, with the four “religione praeceptae” offers a ballanced coexistence and convenience among Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, and even the Unitarians, a local church. The communication also will deal with a minority dissidence of this last creed: the so called Sabbatians, whose trajectory will be followed in the 16th and 20th centuries, whose example will serve to demonstrate the limits of this paradisiacal freedom in this “Easter Switzerland” – the “cantonal” Transylvania – between the regal pragmatism and the religious consciousness.
Translated title of the contribution | Two chapters of religious tolerance and intolerance in Transylvania (16th and 20th centuries) |
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Original language | Portuguese |
Pages | 11-12 |
Number of pages | 2 |
Publication status | Published - Jun 2017 |
Event | Colóquio Internacional «Martinho Lutero e o novo rosto político-religioso da Europa» - Lisboa, FCSH/NOVA, Ribeira Grande, S. Miguel, Açores , Lisboa, Portugal Duration: 19 Jun 2017 → 23 Jun 2017 |
Conference
Conference | Colóquio Internacional «Martinho Lutero e o novo rosto político-religioso da Europa» |
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Country/Territory | Portugal |
City | Lisboa |
Period | 19/06/17 → 23/06/17 |
Keywords
- Reforma
- Transilvânia
- Tolerância
- Intolerância
- Sabáticos
- Reformation
- Transylvania
- Tolerance
- Intolerance
- Sabbaticans