Colours of the Tijomel ceramic manufacture (1941-1992): characterisation of a set of ceramic colourants and glazed tiles from Decormel Materials Catalogue

Mathilda Coutinho; Silvia Pereira; Andreia Ruivo; Silvia Bottura-Scardina; João Pedro Veiga; Catarina Geraldes; Milene Gil; Joana Shearman

doi:10.14568/cp32258

Colours of the Tijomel ceramic manufacture (1941-1992): characterisation of a set of ceramic colourants and glazed tiles from Decormel Materials Catalogue

Translated title of the contribution: As cores da fábrica de cerâmica da Tijomel (1941-1992): caracterização de um conjunto de corantes cerâmicos e dos azulejos do catálogo da Decormel

Mathilda Coutinho, Silvia Pereira, Andreia Ruivo, Silvia Bottura-Scardina, João Pedro Veiga, Catarina Geraldes, Milene Gil, Joana Shearman

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Abstract

Abstract: Tijomel was considered one of the most modern ceramic manufacturers in the Iberian Peninsula in the mid-20th century. Located at Caxarias (Ourém, Portugal), this manufacturer produced diverse ceramic-based architectural materials, from common clay bricks to sophisticated modernist azulejos. Recently members of the family of the former Tijomel Manufacture owners retrieved a collection of 33 raw materials, mostly ceramic colourants. In this study, the chemical characterisation of these ceramic colourants was performed and compared with an azulejos commercial catalogue of the same manufacturer entitled Decormel Catalogue. The recovered raw materials and azulejos were investigated using a multi-analytical approach comprising h-EDXRF and μ-XRD to obtain their elemental and mineralogical composition and HSI and colourimetry to analyse their optical properties. Results provided a glimpse of the wide variety of ceramic colourants used in mid-20th century and showed that Tijomel combined the use of traditional azulejo colourants with more recent compositions.

Resumo: A fábrica de cerâmica Tijomel foi considerada das mais modernas da Península Ibérica em meados do século XX. Localizada em Caxarias (Ourém, Portugal), esta fábrica produziu uma vasta gama de materiais em cerâmica, desde tijolos de barro até sofisticados azulejos modernistas. Recentemente, membros da família dos antigos proprietários da Fábrica Tijomel recuperaram um acervo de 33 matérias-primas, na sua maioria colorantes cerâmicos. Neste estudo foi realizada a caracterização destes colorantes cerâmicos e comparada com um catálogo de azulejos do mesmo fabricante, o Catálogo Decormel. Os colorantes e azulejos foram investigados usando uma abordagem multianalítica, caracterizados por h-EDXRF e μXRD, para obter a composição elementar e mineralógica e por câmara hiperespectral e colorimetria para determinar as propriedades ópticas. Este estudo permitiu vislumbrar a variedade de colorantes cerâmicos utilizados em meados do século XX e mostrou que a Tijomel combinava a utilização de colorantes utilizados na azulejaria tradicional com composições mais recentes.

Translated title of the contribution	As cores da fábrica de cerâmica da Tijomel (1941-1992): caracterização de um conjunto de corantes cerâmicos e dos azulejos do catálogo da Decormel
Original language	Multiple languages
Pages (from-to)	72-92
Number of pages	21
Journal	Conservar Património
Volume	46
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.14568/cp32258
Publication status	Published - May 2024

Keywords

Azulejos
Ceramics
Colourants
Pigments
Colorantes
Pigmentos
Cerâmica

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10.14568/cp32258Licence: CC BY-NC-ND

32258-Manuscript-160867-1-10-20240530Final published version, 2.21 MBLicence: CC BY-NC-ND

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@article{4e427d7e785246949cb6d29076f5cace,

title = "Colours of the Tijomel ceramic manufacture (1941-1992): characterisation of a set of ceramic colourants and glazed tiles from Decormel Materials Catalogue",

abstract = "Abstract: Tijomel was considered one of the most modern ceramic manufacturers in the Iberian Peninsula in the mid-20th century. Located at Caxarias (Our{\'e}m, Portugal), this manufacturer produced diverse ceramic-based architectural materials, from common clay bricks to sophisticated modernist azulejos. Recently members of the family of the former Tijomel Manufacture owners retrieved a collection of 33 raw materials, mostly ceramic colourants. In this study, the chemical characterisation of these ceramic colourants was performed and compared with an azulejos commercial catalogue of the same manufacturer entitled Decormel Catalogue. The recovered raw materials and azulejos were investigated using a multi-analytical approach comprising h-EDXRF and μ-XRD to obtain their elemental and mineralogical composition and HSI and colourimetry to analyse their optical properties. Results provided a glimpse of the wide variety of ceramic colourants used in mid-20th century and showed that Tijomel combined the use of traditional azulejo colourants with more recent compositions.Resumo: A f{\'a}brica de cer{\^a}mica Tijomel foi considerada das mais modernas da Pen{\'i}nsula Ib{\'e}rica em meados do s{\'e}culo XX. Localizada em Caxarias (Our{\'e}m, Portugal), esta f{\'a}brica produziu uma vasta gama de materiais em cer{\^a}mica, desde tijolos de barro at{\'e} sofisticados azulejos modernistas. Recentemente, membros da fam{\'i}lia dos antigos propriet{\'a}rios da F{\'a}brica Tijomel recuperaram um acervo de 33 mat{\'e}rias-primas, na sua maioria colorantes cer{\^a}micos. Neste estudo foi realizada a caracteriza{\c c}{\~a}o destes colorantes cer{\^a}micos e comparada com um cat{\'a}logo de azulejos do mesmo fabricante, o Cat{\'a}logo Decormel. Os colorantes e azulejos foram investigados usando uma abordagem multianal{\'i}tica, caracterizados por h-EDXRF e μXRD, para obter a composi{\c c}{\~a}o elementar e mineral{\'o}gica e por c{\^a}mara hiperespectral e colorimetria para determinar as propriedades {\'o}pticas. Este estudo permitiu vislumbrar a variedade de colorantes cer{\^a}micos utilizados em meados do s{\'e}culo XX e mostrou que a Tijomel combinava a utiliza{\c c}{\~a}o de colorantes utilizados na azulejaria tradicional com composi{\c c}{\~o}es mais recentes.",

keywords = "Azulejos, Ceramics, Colourants, Pigments, Colorantes, Pigmentos, Cer{\^a}mica",

author = "Mathilda Coutinho and Silvia Pereira and Andreia Ruivo and Silvia Bottura-Scardina and Veiga, {Jo{\~a}o Pedro} and Catarina Geraldes and Milene Gil and Joana Shearman",

note = "Funding Information: J. Mimoso is acknowledged for interesting discussions and facilitating the study of the Decormel Catalogue. D\u00F3ria Costa is thanked for support with the h-EDXRF analysis. National Funds supported this work through the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT-MCTES)under the projects and contracts: CENIMAT/i3N FCT-UNL UID-B/50025/2020; VICARTE/ FCT-UNL UIDB/00729/2020 (https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDB/00729/2020) and UIDP/00729/2020 (https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDP/00729/2020); HERCULES/UE UIDB/04449/2020 (https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDB/04449/2020) and UIDP/04449/2020 (https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDP/04449/2020); Laborat\u00F3rio Associado IN2PAST - LA/P/0132/2020 (https://doi.org/10.54499/LA/P/0132/2020); Laborat\u00F3rio Associado LAQV/Requimte LA/P/0008/2020; project Unveiling the Mural Painting Art of Almada Negreiros (1938-1956) (PTDC/ART-HIS/1370/2020); project Chromaz (PTDC/HAR-HIS/1899/2020) and contracts CEECIND/00349/2017 - https://doi.org/10.54499/CEECIND/00349/2017/CP1431/CT0004 (M. L. Coutinho), 2021.01998.CEECIND-https://doi.org/10.54499/2021.01998.CEECIND/CP1703/CT0001 (S. Pereira), 2020.00252.CEECIND - https://doi.org/10.54499/2020.00252.CEECIND/CP1586/CT0002 (A. Ruivo) and CEECINST/00069/2021 (M. Gil); Acknowledgements to CityUMacau Chair in Sustainable Heritage. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2024 Associacao Profissional de Conservadores, Restauradores de Portugal. All rights reserved.",

year = "2024",

month = may,

doi = "10.14568/cp32258",

language = "Multiple languages",

volume = "46",

pages = "72--92",

journal = "Conservar Patrim{\'o}nio",

issn = "1646-043X",

publisher = "Associa{\c c}{\~a}o Profissional de Conservadores-Restauradores de Portugal (ARP)",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Colours of the Tijomel ceramic manufacture (1941-1992)

T2 - characterisation of a set of ceramic colourants and glazed tiles from Decormel Materials Catalogue

AU - Coutinho, Mathilda

AU - Pereira, Silvia

AU - Ruivo, Andreia

AU - Bottura-Scardina, Silvia

AU - Veiga, João Pedro

AU - Geraldes, Catarina

AU - Gil, Milene

AU - Shearman, Joana

N1 - Funding Information: J. Mimoso is acknowledged for interesting discussions and facilitating the study of the Decormel Catalogue. D\u00F3ria Costa is thanked for support with the h-EDXRF analysis. National Funds supported this work through the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT-MCTES)under the projects and contracts: CENIMAT/i3N FCT-UNL UID-B/50025/2020; VICARTE/ FCT-UNL UIDB/00729/2020 (https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDB/00729/2020) and UIDP/00729/2020 (https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDP/00729/2020); HERCULES/UE UIDB/04449/2020 (https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDB/04449/2020) and UIDP/04449/2020 (https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDP/04449/2020); Laborat\u00F3rio Associado IN2PAST - LA/P/0132/2020 (https://doi.org/10.54499/LA/P/0132/2020); Laborat\u00F3rio Associado LAQV/Requimte LA/P/0008/2020; project Unveiling the Mural Painting Art of Almada Negreiros (1938-1956) (PTDC/ART-HIS/1370/2020); project Chromaz (PTDC/HAR-HIS/1899/2020) and contracts CEECIND/00349/2017 - https://doi.org/10.54499/CEECIND/00349/2017/CP1431/CT0004 (M. L. Coutinho), 2021.01998.CEECIND-https://doi.org/10.54499/2021.01998.CEECIND/CP1703/CT0001 (S. Pereira), 2020.00252.CEECIND - https://doi.org/10.54499/2020.00252.CEECIND/CP1586/CT0002 (A. Ruivo) and CEECINST/00069/2021 (M. Gil); Acknowledgements to CityUMacau Chair in Sustainable Heritage. Publisher Copyright: © 2024 Associacao Profissional de Conservadores, Restauradores de Portugal. All rights reserved.

PY - 2024/5

Y1 - 2024/5

N2 - Abstract: Tijomel was considered one of the most modern ceramic manufacturers in the Iberian Peninsula in the mid-20th century. Located at Caxarias (Ourém, Portugal), this manufacturer produced diverse ceramic-based architectural materials, from common clay bricks to sophisticated modernist azulejos. Recently members of the family of the former Tijomel Manufacture owners retrieved a collection of 33 raw materials, mostly ceramic colourants. In this study, the chemical characterisation of these ceramic colourants was performed and compared with an azulejos commercial catalogue of the same manufacturer entitled Decormel Catalogue. The recovered raw materials and azulejos were investigated using a multi-analytical approach comprising h-EDXRF and μ-XRD to obtain their elemental and mineralogical composition and HSI and colourimetry to analyse their optical properties. Results provided a glimpse of the wide variety of ceramic colourants used in mid-20th century and showed that Tijomel combined the use of traditional azulejo colourants with more recent compositions.Resumo: A fábrica de cerâmica Tijomel foi considerada das mais modernas da Península Ibérica em meados do século XX. Localizada em Caxarias (Ourém, Portugal), esta fábrica produziu uma vasta gama de materiais em cerâmica, desde tijolos de barro até sofisticados azulejos modernistas. Recentemente, membros da família dos antigos proprietários da Fábrica Tijomel recuperaram um acervo de 33 matérias-primas, na sua maioria colorantes cerâmicos. Neste estudo foi realizada a caracterização destes colorantes cerâmicos e comparada com um catálogo de azulejos do mesmo fabricante, o Catálogo Decormel. Os colorantes e azulejos foram investigados usando uma abordagem multianalítica, caracterizados por h-EDXRF e μXRD, para obter a composição elementar e mineralógica e por câmara hiperespectral e colorimetria para determinar as propriedades ópticas. Este estudo permitiu vislumbrar a variedade de colorantes cerâmicos utilizados em meados do século XX e mostrou que a Tijomel combinava a utilização de colorantes utilizados na azulejaria tradicional com composições mais recentes.

AB - Abstract: Tijomel was considered one of the most modern ceramic manufacturers in the Iberian Peninsula in the mid-20th century. Located at Caxarias (Ourém, Portugal), this manufacturer produced diverse ceramic-based architectural materials, from common clay bricks to sophisticated modernist azulejos. Recently members of the family of the former Tijomel Manufacture owners retrieved a collection of 33 raw materials, mostly ceramic colourants. In this study, the chemical characterisation of these ceramic colourants was performed and compared with an azulejos commercial catalogue of the same manufacturer entitled Decormel Catalogue. The recovered raw materials and azulejos were investigated using a multi-analytical approach comprising h-EDXRF and μ-XRD to obtain their elemental and mineralogical composition and HSI and colourimetry to analyse their optical properties. Results provided a glimpse of the wide variety of ceramic colourants used in mid-20th century and showed that Tijomel combined the use of traditional azulejo colourants with more recent compositions.Resumo: A fábrica de cerâmica Tijomel foi considerada das mais modernas da Península Ibérica em meados do século XX. Localizada em Caxarias (Ourém, Portugal), esta fábrica produziu uma vasta gama de materiais em cerâmica, desde tijolos de barro até sofisticados azulejos modernistas. Recentemente, membros da família dos antigos proprietários da Fábrica Tijomel recuperaram um acervo de 33 matérias-primas, na sua maioria colorantes cerâmicos. Neste estudo foi realizada a caracterização destes colorantes cerâmicos e comparada com um catálogo de azulejos do mesmo fabricante, o Catálogo Decormel. Os colorantes e azulejos foram investigados usando uma abordagem multianalítica, caracterizados por h-EDXRF e μXRD, para obter a composição elementar e mineralógica e por câmara hiperespectral e colorimetria para determinar as propriedades ópticas. Este estudo permitiu vislumbrar a variedade de colorantes cerâmicos utilizados em meados do século XX e mostrou que a Tijomel combinava a utilização de colorantes utilizados na azulejaria tradicional com composições mais recentes.

KW - Azulejos

KW - Ceramics

KW - Colourants

KW - Pigments

KW - Colorantes

KW - Pigmentos

KW - Cerâmica

UR - https://doi.org/10.14568/cp32258

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85197600777&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.14568/cp32258

DO - 10.14568/cp32258

M3 - Article

SN - 1646-043X

VL - 46

SP - 72

EP - 92

JO - Conservar Património

JF - Conservar Património

ER -

Colours of the Tijomel ceramic manufacture (1941-1992): characterisation of a set of ceramic colourants and glazed tiles from Decormel Materials Catalogue

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Keywords

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