TY - JOUR
T1 - Clotrimazole and calcium hydroxide nanoparticles
T2 - A low toxicity antifungal alternative for paper conservation
AU - Sequeira, Silvia Oliveira
AU - Tonicha Laia, Cesar Antonio
AU - Lander Phillips, Alan John
AU - Cabrita, Eurico Jose
AU - Dinis, Maria Filomena Meireles Abrantes de Macedo
N1 - Fundacdo para a Ciencia e Tecnologia Ministerio da Educacdo e Ciencia (FCT-MEC) (SFRH/BD/72216/2010;UID/EAT/00729/2013)
Unidade de Ciencias Biomoleculares Aplicadas UCIBIO - FCT/MEC (UID/Multi/04378/2013)
ERDF (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007728; POCI-01-0145FEDER-007265)
Associated Laboratory for Sustainable Chemistry Clean Processes and Technologies-LAQV - FCT/MEC (UID/QUI/50006/2013)
PY - 2017
Y1 - 2017
N2 - Clotrimazole is a well-known antimycotic agent, listed in the World Health Organization List of essential medicines, with minimal health side effects acknowledged throughout a long certification period. In this study, clotrimazole in isopropanol was tested as a potential antifungal treatment for paper objects. The antifungal properties of this azole compound were evaluated against five of the most common fungal species affecting paper collections. The addition of a deacidifying agent, calcium hydroxide nanoparticles, resulted in a multipurpose formulation also aimed at neutralizing the deleterious effects of acids excreted by fungi. Clotrimazole showed antifungal activity against all tested fungal species and its effectiveness followed the ascending order: Chaetomium globosum < Cladosporium cladosporioides < Penicillium chrysogenum < Aspergillus niger < Penicillium corylophilum. The best relationship between minimal concentration and fungal inhibition was achieved for 0.05% clotrimazole. The impact of the tested formulation on paper preservation was evaluated in terms of pH, colour and folding endurance, using moist heat artificial ageing. Clotrimazole and calcium hydroxide nanoparticles protected the paper from acidification and loss of folding endurance in the long term, thus representing a non-aqueous alternative treatment for paper affected by fungi.
AB - Clotrimazole is a well-known antimycotic agent, listed in the World Health Organization List of essential medicines, with minimal health side effects acknowledged throughout a long certification period. In this study, clotrimazole in isopropanol was tested as a potential antifungal treatment for paper objects. The antifungal properties of this azole compound were evaluated against five of the most common fungal species affecting paper collections. The addition of a deacidifying agent, calcium hydroxide nanoparticles, resulted in a multipurpose formulation also aimed at neutralizing the deleterious effects of acids excreted by fungi. Clotrimazole showed antifungal activity against all tested fungal species and its effectiveness followed the ascending order: Chaetomium globosum < Cladosporium cladosporioides < Penicillium chrysogenum < Aspergillus niger < Penicillium corylophilum. The best relationship between minimal concentration and fungal inhibition was achieved for 0.05% clotrimazole. The impact of the tested formulation on paper preservation was evaluated in terms of pH, colour and folding endurance, using moist heat artificial ageing. Clotrimazole and calcium hydroxide nanoparticles protected the paper from acidification and loss of folding endurance in the long term, thus representing a non-aqueous alternative treatment for paper affected by fungi.
KW - Clotrimazole
KW - Calcium hydroxide
KW - Nanoparticles
KW - Antifungal
KW - Paper
U2 - 10.1016/j.culher.2016.12.004
DO - 10.1016/j.culher.2016.12.004
M3 - Article
VL - 24
SP - 45
EP - 52
JO - Journal of Cultural Heritage
JF - Journal of Cultural Heritage
SN - 1296-2074
ER -