Abstract
A Leptospirose é uma zoonose re-emergente causada por espiroquetídeos patogénicos do género Leptospira. Em Portugal, é reconhecida, desde 1931, como uma importante doença infeciosa humana, cuja notificação é obrigatória desde 1986 para todos os serovares. Porém, devido ao acentuado polimorfismo clínico e à dificuldade de um diagnóstico laboratorial especializado, esta patologia nem sempre é confirmada. Com efeito, o isolamento do agente é difícil e o método convencional de diagnóstico, baseado no teste serológico de referência TAM (Teste de Aglutinação Microscópica), não é muito sensível na primeira semana da doença. Assim, foram três os principais objetivos desta dissertação: atualizar o padrão epidemiológico da Leptospirose, após uma extensa revisão bibliográfica da doença (Capítulos 1 e 2); esclarecer os aspetos imunológicos relacionados com os marcadores antigénicos que mais influenciam a regulação da resposta humoral na infecção humana, em particular, em área endémica (Capítulo 3); e, por último, promover a identificação molecular de alguns isolados de Leptospira, avaliar o respetivo poder patogénico no modelo murino e contribuir para o diagnóstico precoce da doença humana (Capítulo 4). O primeiro dos temas investigados, com base no estudo retrospetivo de uma larga série de 4.618 doentes sintomáticos analisados representa uma caracterização única da epidemiologia da Leptospirose, em particular, na Região Centro do País, e nas ilhas de São Miguel e Terceira (Açores), nos últimos 18 e 12 anos, respetivamente. Foram confirmados 1.024 (22%) casos, com uma distribuição média de 57 casos/ano, sendo a maior frequência no sexo masculino (67%). As áreas analisadas corresponderam à maioria das notificações em Portugal, com uma taxa de incidência média anual nas ilhas muito superior à registada no continente (11,1 vs 1,7/100.000 habitantes, respetivamente). Os adultos em idade ativa (25-54 anos) foram os mais afetados, nos meses de Dezembro e Janeiro. A doença foi causada por serovares de nove serogrupos presuntivos de Leptospira interrogamos sensu lato, com predomínio de Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona e Ballum, em cerca de 66% dos casos. A seropositividade da Leptospirose esteve associada às formas anictérica e ictérica da doença, sendo evidente uma elevada subnotificação ( 20 casos/ano). Foram detetados e analisados os diversos fatores de risco, verificando-se um risco elevado de transmissão em áreas geográficas onde a circulação dos agentes zoonóticos se processa em ciclos silváticos e/ou domésticos bem estabelecidos. Este estudo confirma que a incidência da Leptospirose em Portugal tem aumentado nos últimos anos, particularmente, nos Açores, onde a seropositividade elevada e a ocorrência de casos fatais confirmam esta patologia como um problema emergente de Saúde Pública. No âmbito do Capítulo 3, investigaram-se os aspetos imunológicos da Leptospirose humana em áreas endémicas Região Centro e nas ilhas de São Miguel e Terceira, caracterizando as proteínas e os lipopolissacáridos (LPS) envolvidos durante as fases aguda (estádio único) e tardia da doença (três estádios), através do follow-up serológico de 240 doentes com confirmação clínica e laboratorial de Leptospirose. Foram incluídos no estudo 463 soros, 320 (69%) dos quais, obtidos durante a fase de convalescença (até 6 anos após o início dos sintomas). Soros de dadores de sangue (n=200) e de doentes com outras patologias infeciosas (n=60) foram usados como controlos. As amostras foram testadas pela técnica de Western Blot com lisados de oito estirpes patogénicas pertencentes aos serogrupos mais prevalentes. O reconhecimento dos antigénios leptospíricos, nos quatro estádios evolutivos, resultou da deteção de reatividade específica anti-IgM e anti IgG, nos diferentes immunoblots. Detetaram-se cinco proteínas major (45, 35, 32, 25 e 22 kDa) comuns a todos os serovares. Os soros estudados com as estirpes dos serogrupos homólogos, previamente identificados pela TAM, reagiram contra as proteínas de 45, 32 e 22 kDa, conhecidas como LipL45, LipL32 e LpL21, respetivamente, sendo estes, os antigénios imunodominantes durante o período estudado, nas duas regiões geográficas. Os doentes açorianos mostraram, ainda, uma reatividade elevada contra os LPS, cujo significado é discutido face aos resultados negativos dos soros controlo para os marcadores referidos. Esta investigação indica, pela primeira vez, uma forte persistência da resposta humoral e o importante papel protetor da LipL45, Lip32 e LipL21, anos após o início dos sintomas. Por último, procedeu-se à identificação de estirpes Portuguesas, isoladas de murinos e de um caso humano fatal (L. inadai), numa perspetiva polifásica de intervenção. Utilizaram-se três testes fenotípicos (testes de crescimento sob diferentes temperaturas e na presença de 8-azaguanina, a par de um teste de alteração morfológica induzida pela adição de NaCl 1M). Paralelamente, efetuaram-se ensaios de amplificação do gene rrs (16S ARNr) de Leptospira spp por PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), utilizando um par de primers “universais” (331 pb) e um segundo par, que apenas amplifica o gene secY (285 pb) de estirpes patogénicas, para definição da identidade dos isolados em estudo. Da integração dos resultados obtidos, confirmou-se que estes ocupam uma posição taxonómica “intermédia” entre as leptospiras saprófitas e as patogénicas. Desenvolveu-se, ainda, uma investigação (complementar) “in vivo” do carácter taxonómico “intermédio” do referido isolado humano, por cultura e amplificação do respetivo ADN de tecidos de hamsters inoculados para o efeito. Esta metodologia molecular foi posteriormente utilizada, com sucesso, no diagnóstico precoce de doentes com Leptospirose, sendo uma mais-valia na confirmação laboratorial de infecção por Leptospira, na ausência de anticorpos específicos na fase inicial da doença.
Leptospirosis is a re-emergent zoonosis caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the Leptospira genus. In Portugal, it is recognised, since 1931, as an important human infectious disease, being notifiable since 1986 for all serovars. However, it is still a pathology not always confirmed, owing to the strong clinical polymorphism and to the difficulty in making a laboratory diagnosis. In fact, isolation is difficult and the conventional immunodiagnosis MAT (Microscopic Agglutination Test) is not very sensitive in the first week of the disease. So, the main objectives of this thesis were the following: to update the Leptospirosis epidemiological pattern, in Portugal, after an extensive scientific revision of the literature (Chapters 1 and 2); to clarify the aspects related to the antigenic markers which affect more the regulation of the humoral response during the human infection, particularly, in endemic areas (Chapter 3); and to promote the identification of some Portuguese isolates, to analyse their specific pathogenic character in the rodent model and to contribute to the molecular (early) diagnosis of human leptospirosis (Chapter 4).
The first objective to be searched was based on a retrospective series of 4,618 symptomatic patients analysed by MAT, representing a unique updating of Leptospirosis epidemiology, particularly, in the Central region of mainland Portugal and in the islands of São Miguel and Terceira (Azores) over eighteen- and twelve-years, respectively. One thousand and twenty four (22%) cases were confirmed, with an average of 57 cases per year and with males mostly affected (67%). Surveyed areas represented the majority of leptospirosis notifications in Portugal, with a higher annual incidence rate in the islands, in comparison to mainland (11.1 vs 1.7/100 000 population, respectively). Middle-age adults (25-54 years) were the most affected, mainly in December and January. The disease was caused by nine presumptive serogroups of Leptospira interrogans sensu lato, with the predominance of Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona and Ballum, which accounted for 66% of seropositives. Leptospirosis prevalence has been associated with both anicteric and icteric forms, with a confirmed high sub-notification (about 20 cases/year). Several risk factors and a high transmission risk in certain areas were emphasized, particularly, in geographic regions where the circulation of zoonotic agents takes place in well-established wild and/or domestic cycles. This study confirms the increasing Leptospirosis incidence in Portugal, particularly, in the Azores, where the seropositivity rates and the occurrence of fatal cases confirm this zoonosis as an emergent Public Health problem.
In Chapter 3, the immunological aspects of human Leptospirosis in Central mainland and in São Miguel and Terceira islands were investigated, in order to characterize the leptospiral proteins
and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) during the acute (one stage) and convalescent phases (three stages) ofthe disease through the serological follow-up of 240 leptospirosis confirmed patients. A total of 463 sera were enrolled, from which 320 were obtained during the convalescent phase (up to 6 years after the symptoms onset). Sera from blood donors (n=200) and from patients with other infectious diseases (n=60) were used as controls. The samples were analysed by Western Blot, with lysates of eight pathogenic serovars belonging to the most infective serogroups. Leptospiral antigens were recognised through the specific reactivity anti-human IgM and IgG in the different immunoblots per stage. Five major proteins (45, 35, 32, 25, 22 kDa) were detected in all serovars. Homologous serogroup patients’ sera, previously identified by MAT, reacted against the 45, 32 and 22 kDa proteins known as LipL45, LipL32 and LipL21, respectively. These proteins were the immunodominant antigens during the studied period. The Azorean patients showed also a high reactivity against LPS antigens, which meaning is discussed facing the negative results in the controls. These data indicate, for the first time, not only a strong persistence of humoral response but also the protective role of LipL45, LipL32 and LipL21, years after the onset of symptoms.
Finally, the identification of Portuguese strains isolated from murines and from a human fatal case (L. inadai) were carried out in a polyphasic approach. Phenotypic tests were used (two growth tests under different temperatures and in the presence of 8-azaguanine, together with a third test of morphological change induced by addition of NaCl 1M). In addition, assays for the amplification of the rrs gene (16S rRNA) of Leptospira spp by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), using a set of “universal” primers (331 bp), were performed. Another set of primers, which only amplifies the secY gene from pathogenic leptospiral DNA (285 bp), was used in order to confirm the pathogenic identity of the isolates. The integration of all data, allowed the recognition of an “intermediate” taxonomic position between the pathogenic and saprophytic leptospires of the studied strains. A complementary research “in vivo” of the patogenicity of the reported human isolate was also carried out, either by culture or through the specific DNA detection in tissues from inoculated hamsters. This molecular methodology was further used, with success, in the early diagnosis of Leptospirosis patients, being a very important diagnostic tool when the antibodies are still absent in the acute phase.
Leptospirosis is a re-emergent zoonosis caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the Leptospira genus. In Portugal, it is recognised, since 1931, as an important human infectious disease, being notifiable since 1986 for all serovars. However, it is still a pathology not always confirmed, owing to the strong clinical polymorphism and to the difficulty in making a laboratory diagnosis. In fact, isolation is difficult and the conventional immunodiagnosis MAT (Microscopic Agglutination Test) is not very sensitive in the first week of the disease. So, the main objectives of this thesis were the following: to update the Leptospirosis epidemiological pattern, in Portugal, after an extensive scientific revision of the literature (Chapters 1 and 2); to clarify the aspects related to the antigenic markers which affect more the regulation of the humoral response during the human infection, particularly, in endemic areas (Chapter 3); and to promote the identification of some Portuguese isolates, to analyse their specific pathogenic character in the rodent model and to contribute to the molecular (early) diagnosis of human leptospirosis (Chapter 4).
The first objective to be searched was based on a retrospective series of 4,618 symptomatic patients analysed by MAT, representing a unique updating of Leptospirosis epidemiology, particularly, in the Central region of mainland Portugal and in the islands of São Miguel and Terceira (Azores) over eighteen- and twelve-years, respectively. One thousand and twenty four (22%) cases were confirmed, with an average of 57 cases per year and with males mostly affected (67%). Surveyed areas represented the majority of leptospirosis notifications in Portugal, with a higher annual incidence rate in the islands, in comparison to mainland (11.1 vs 1.7/100 000 population, respectively). Middle-age adults (25-54 years) were the most affected, mainly in December and January. The disease was caused by nine presumptive serogroups of Leptospira interrogans sensu lato, with the predominance of Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona and Ballum, which accounted for 66% of seropositives. Leptospirosis prevalence has been associated with both anicteric and icteric forms, with a confirmed high sub-notification (about 20 cases/year). Several risk factors and a high transmission risk in certain areas were emphasized, particularly, in geographic regions where the circulation of zoonotic agents takes place in well-established wild and/or domestic cycles. This study confirms the increasing Leptospirosis incidence in Portugal, particularly, in the Azores, where the seropositivity rates and the occurrence of fatal cases confirm this zoonosis as an emergent Public Health problem.
In Chapter 3, the immunological aspects of human Leptospirosis in Central mainland and in São Miguel and Terceira islands were investigated, in order to characterize the leptospiral proteins
and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) during the acute (one stage) and convalescent phases (three stages) ofthe disease through the serological follow-up of 240 leptospirosis confirmed patients. A total of 463 sera were enrolled, from which 320 were obtained during the convalescent phase (up to 6 years after the symptoms onset). Sera from blood donors (n=200) and from patients with other infectious diseases (n=60) were used as controls. The samples were analysed by Western Blot, with lysates of eight pathogenic serovars belonging to the most infective serogroups. Leptospiral antigens were recognised through the specific reactivity anti-human IgM and IgG in the different immunoblots per stage. Five major proteins (45, 35, 32, 25, 22 kDa) were detected in all serovars. Homologous serogroup patients’ sera, previously identified by MAT, reacted against the 45, 32 and 22 kDa proteins known as LipL45, LipL32 and LipL21, respectively. These proteins were the immunodominant antigens during the studied period. The Azorean patients showed also a high reactivity against LPS antigens, which meaning is discussed facing the negative results in the controls. These data indicate, for the first time, not only a strong persistence of humoral response but also the protective role of LipL45, LipL32 and LipL21, years after the onset of symptoms.
Finally, the identification of Portuguese strains isolated from murines and from a human fatal case (L. inadai) were carried out in a polyphasic approach. Phenotypic tests were used (two growth tests under different temperatures and in the presence of 8-azaguanine, together with a third test of morphological change induced by addition of NaCl 1M). In addition, assays for the amplification of the rrs gene (16S rRNA) of Leptospira spp by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), using a set of “universal” primers (331 bp), were performed. Another set of primers, which only amplifies the secY gene from pathogenic leptospiral DNA (285 bp), was used in order to confirm the pathogenic identity of the isolates. The integration of all data, allowed the recognition of an “intermediate” taxonomic position between the pathogenic and saprophytic leptospires of the studied strains. A complementary research “in vivo” of the patogenicity of the reported human isolate was also carried out, either by culture or through the specific DNA detection in tissues from inoculated hamsters. This molecular methodology was further used, with success, in the early diagnosis of Leptospirosis patients, being a very important diagnostic tool when the antibodies are still absent in the acute phase.
Translated title of the contribution | Aspects of the antigenic and molecular characterization of leptospirosis in endemic areas |
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Original language | Portuguese |
Qualification | Doctor of Philosophy |
Awarding Institution |
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Supervisors/Advisors |
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Award date | 19 Jul 2006 |
Place of Publication | Lisboa |
Publication status | Published - 19 Jul 2006 |
Keywords
- Biologia molecular
- Parasitologia
- Leptospiroses
- Borreliose de Lyme
- Caracterização
- Epidemiologia