TY - JOUR
T1 - Are sun exposure time, dietary patterns, and vitamin D intake related to the socioeconomic status of Portuguese children?
AU - dos Santos, Elizabete A.
AU - Cavalheiro, Lígia Araújo Martini
AU - Rodrigues, Daniela
AU - Machado-Rodrigues, Aristides
AU - Silva, Maria Raquel
AU - Nogueira, Helena
AU - Padez, Cristina
N1 - Funding Information:
This study was financially supported by Foundation for Science and Technology (Portugal) through grant PTDC/DTP\u2010SAP/1520/2014, with funds from the COMPETE 2020, Portugal 2020, FEDER and FCT. The funders had no role in the design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
PY - 2024
Y1 - 2024
N2 - Objectives: To investigate the association among sun exposure time, vitamin D intake, dietary patterns, and socioeconomic status in Portuguese children. Methods: Participants aged 3–11 years (50.1% females) were recruited from public and private schools (n = 118) in the districts of Coimbra (n = 2980), Lisbon (n = 3066), and Porto (n = 2426). Parents reported their children's daily sun exposure time during the summer season and reported children's food consumption, including vitamin D food sources, using standardized questionnaires. Parents' education level was used as a proxy measure to the socioeconomic status (SES). The principal component factor analysis (PCA) method was used to identify dietary patterns. The eight dietary patterns identified were labeled in: “fast food”, “rich in vitamin D”, “sugary drinks”, “vitamin D”, “candies”, “supplements”, “rich in calcium” and “vegetables/healthy”. Linear regression analyses were performed to investigate the association between sun exposure time and dietary patterns according to SES. Results: A total of 4755 children were included. Children from high SES had significantly longer sun exposure time (p <.001) and more frequently consumed vitamin D supplements (p <.001). “Fast food” pattern showed a negative association with sun exposure time in medium and high SES (p =.014 and p <.001, respectively). Conclusion: Children with lower SES spend less time exposed to the sun, consume fewer dietary sources of vitamin D, and consume more foods rich in fat and sugar.
AB - Objectives: To investigate the association among sun exposure time, vitamin D intake, dietary patterns, and socioeconomic status in Portuguese children. Methods: Participants aged 3–11 years (50.1% females) were recruited from public and private schools (n = 118) in the districts of Coimbra (n = 2980), Lisbon (n = 3066), and Porto (n = 2426). Parents reported their children's daily sun exposure time during the summer season and reported children's food consumption, including vitamin D food sources, using standardized questionnaires. Parents' education level was used as a proxy measure to the socioeconomic status (SES). The principal component factor analysis (PCA) method was used to identify dietary patterns. The eight dietary patterns identified were labeled in: “fast food”, “rich in vitamin D”, “sugary drinks”, “vitamin D”, “candies”, “supplements”, “rich in calcium” and “vegetables/healthy”. Linear regression analyses were performed to investigate the association between sun exposure time and dietary patterns according to SES. Results: A total of 4755 children were included. Children from high SES had significantly longer sun exposure time (p <.001) and more frequently consumed vitamin D supplements (p <.001). “Fast food” pattern showed a negative association with sun exposure time in medium and high SES (p =.014 and p <.001, respectively). Conclusion: Children with lower SES spend less time exposed to the sun, consume fewer dietary sources of vitamin D, and consume more foods rich in fat and sugar.
KW - children
KW - dietary patterns
KW - socioeconomic status
KW - sun exposure
KW - vitamin D
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85194584072&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1002/ajhb.24109
DO - 10.1002/ajhb.24109
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85194584072
SN - 1042-0533
JO - American Journal of Human Biology
JF - American Journal of Human Biology
M1 - e24109
ER -