TY - JOUR
T1 - A High-Protein, Low Glycemic Index Diet Suppresses Hunger but Not Weight Regain After Weight Loss
T2 - Results From a Large, 3-Years Randomized Trial (PREVIEW)
AU - Zhu, Ruixin
AU - Fogelholm, Mikael
AU - Larsen, Thomas M.
AU - Poppitt, Sally D.
AU - Silvestre, Marta P.
AU - Vestentoft, Pia S.
AU - Jalo, Elli
AU - Navas-Carretero, Santiago
AU - Huttunen-Lenz, Maija
AU - Taylor, Moira A.
AU - Stratton, Gareth
AU - Swindell, Nils
AU - Kaartinen, Niina E.
AU - Lam, Tony
AU - Handjieva-Darlenska, Teodora
AU - Handjiev, Svetoslav
AU - Schlicht, Wolfgang
AU - Martinez, J. Alfredo
AU - Seimon, Radhika V.
AU - Sainsbury, Amanda
AU - Macdonald, Ian A.
AU - Westerterp-Plantenga, Margriet S.
AU - Brand-Miller, Jennie
AU - Raben, Anne
N1 - Funding: EU framework programme 7 (FP7/2007-2013) grant agreement # 312057. National Health and Medical Research Council— EU Collaborative Grant, AUS 8, ID 1067711. The Glycemic Index Foundation Australia through royalties to the University of Sydney. Senior Research Fellowships from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC, 1042555, 1135897 and 1072771). The New Zealand Health Research Council (grant #14/191) and University of Auckland Faculty Research Development Fund. The Cambridge Weight Plan© donated all products for the 8-weeks LED period. The Danish Agriculture & Food Council. The Danish Meat and Research Institute. National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre (NIHR BRC) (UK). Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) (UK). Nutritics (Dublin) donated all dietary analyses software used by UNOTT. Juho Vainio Foundation (FIN), Academy of Finland (grant numbers: 272376, 314383, 266286, 314135), Finnish Medical Foundation, Gyllenberg Foundation, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Finnish Diabetes Research Foundation, University of Helsinki, Government Research Funds for Helsinki University Hospital (FIN), Jenny and Antti Wihuri Foundation (FIN), Emil Aaltonen Foundation (FIN). China Scholarship .The funders of the study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report..
PY - 2021/6/1
Y1 - 2021/6/1
N2 - Background: Previous studies have shown an increase in hunger during weight-loss maintenance (WLM) after diet-induced weight loss. Whether a combination of a higher protein, lower glycemic index (GI) diet and physical activity (PA) can counteract this change remains unclear. Aim: To compare the long-term effects of two diets [high protein (HP)-low GI vs. moderate protein (MP)-moderate GI] and two PA programs [high intensity (HI) vs. moderate intensity (MI)] on subjective appetite sensations during WLM after ≥8% weight loss (WL). Methods: Data derived from the 3-years PREVIEW randomized intervention study. An 8-weeks WL phase using a low-energy diet was followed by a 148-weeks randomized WLM phase. For the WLM phase, participants were assigned to one of the four groups: HP-MI, HP-HI, MP-MI, and MP-HI. Available data from 2,223 participants with overweight or obesity (68% women; BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2). Appetite sensations including satiety, hunger, desire to eat, and desire to eat something sweet during the two phases (at 0, 8 weeks and 26, 52, 104, and 156 weeks) were assessed based on the recall of feelings during the previous week using visual analogue scales. Differences in changes in appetite sensations from baseline between the groups were determined using linear mixed models with repeated measures. Results: There was no significant diet × PA interaction. From 52 weeks onwards, decreases in hunger were significantly greater in HP-low GI than MP-moderate GI (Ptime × diet = 0.018, Pdietgroup = 0.021). Although there was no difference in weight regain between the diet groups (Ptime × diet = 0.630), hunger and satiety ratings correlated with changes in body weight at most timepoints. There were no significant differences in appetite sensations between the two PA groups. Decreases in hunger ratings were greater at 52 and 104 weeks in HP-HI vs. MP-HI, and greater at 104 and 156 weeks in HP-HI vs. MP-MI. Conclusions: This is the first long-term, large-scale randomized intervention to report that a HP-low GI diet was superior in preventing an increase in hunger, but not weight regain, during 3-years WLM compared with a MP-moderate GI diet. Similarly, HP-HI outperformed MP-HI in suppressing hunger. The role of exercise intensity requires further investigation. Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT01777893.
AB - Background: Previous studies have shown an increase in hunger during weight-loss maintenance (WLM) after diet-induced weight loss. Whether a combination of a higher protein, lower glycemic index (GI) diet and physical activity (PA) can counteract this change remains unclear. Aim: To compare the long-term effects of two diets [high protein (HP)-low GI vs. moderate protein (MP)-moderate GI] and two PA programs [high intensity (HI) vs. moderate intensity (MI)] on subjective appetite sensations during WLM after ≥8% weight loss (WL). Methods: Data derived from the 3-years PREVIEW randomized intervention study. An 8-weeks WL phase using a low-energy diet was followed by a 148-weeks randomized WLM phase. For the WLM phase, participants were assigned to one of the four groups: HP-MI, HP-HI, MP-MI, and MP-HI. Available data from 2,223 participants with overweight or obesity (68% women; BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2). Appetite sensations including satiety, hunger, desire to eat, and desire to eat something sweet during the two phases (at 0, 8 weeks and 26, 52, 104, and 156 weeks) were assessed based on the recall of feelings during the previous week using visual analogue scales. Differences in changes in appetite sensations from baseline between the groups were determined using linear mixed models with repeated measures. Results: There was no significant diet × PA interaction. From 52 weeks onwards, decreases in hunger were significantly greater in HP-low GI than MP-moderate GI (Ptime × diet = 0.018, Pdietgroup = 0.021). Although there was no difference in weight regain between the diet groups (Ptime × diet = 0.630), hunger and satiety ratings correlated with changes in body weight at most timepoints. There were no significant differences in appetite sensations between the two PA groups. Decreases in hunger ratings were greater at 52 and 104 weeks in HP-HI vs. MP-HI, and greater at 104 and 156 weeks in HP-HI vs. MP-MI. Conclusions: This is the first long-term, large-scale randomized intervention to report that a HP-low GI diet was superior in preventing an increase in hunger, but not weight regain, during 3-years WLM compared with a MP-moderate GI diet. Similarly, HP-HI outperformed MP-HI in suppressing hunger. The role of exercise intensity requires further investigation. Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT01777893.
KW - desire to eat
KW - low-energy diet
KW - obesity
KW - pre-diabetes
KW - satiety
KW - weight-loss maintenance
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85107924224&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3389/fnut.2021.685648
DO - 10.3389/fnut.2021.685648
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85107924224
SN - 2296-861X
VL - 8
JO - Frontiers in Nutrition
JF - Frontiers in Nutrition
M1 - 685648
ER -